Dr. Huff designed
this page with the intent to offer a simple guide to help his students.
It cannot
possibly cover everything, therefore it is not holistic
or global in its scope. It is your responsibility as a college
student to find out how to cite the source you will
use. If you do not find an appropiate example on this page, then
you should consult the APA styleguide yourself.
The APA styleguide is available in most libraries and bookstores:
American Psychological Association. (1994). Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association
(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Please note that there have been changes in APA's style guidelines for
electronic resources with the publication of the 5th
edition of the Publication Manual. These changes may be found
at:
Magazine Citation, No author:
TV stereo concerns. (1982, November 1). Broadcasting, p. 30.
Magazine Citation, Single author:
Tlamsa, G. (1978, January). Audio news views and comment.
Stereo Review, p. 26.
Magazine Citation, Two authors:
Martin, H.C. & Estevez, R. (1997, January). FCC adopts
DTV standard.
Broadcast Engineering, pp. 12-14.
Magazine Citation, Three or more authors
(list authors similarly for multi-authored newspaper articles and books):
Ernsberger, Jr., R., Smith, R., & Itoi, R. (1991, December 16).
The race for
HDTV. Newsweek, pp. 66-67.
Magazine Citation, non-sequenced multiple page numbers
(same formula applied to other citations with multiple, non-sequenced
page numbers):
Nelson, R. (1993, November). Swept away by the digital age.
Popular
Science, pp. 92-94, 96-97, 107, 110.
Newspaper Citation, No author (also happens to be a wire report):
High-definition TV moves closer to consumer use [AP Report]. (1994,
February 20). Mobile Register, pp. F1-F2.
Newspaper Citation, Single author:
Husted, B. (1994, February 27). Stay tuned for magic of high-definition
TV. The Atlanta Journal/The Atlanta Constitution, pp. R1,
R9.
Newspaper Citation from a wire service report:
Aversa, J. (1994, February 17). Futuristic TV moves step closer
[AP Report]. Mobile Press Register, p. 7D.
Journal Citation (Note: p. or pp. are used for page or pages
in magazines
or newspapers, but not journals):
Hopkins, R. (1994, June). Digital terrestrial HDTV for North
America:
The Grand Alliance HDTV system. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,
40 (3), 185-198.
Book, Single Author and beyond one edition:
Mirabito, M.A.M. (1994) (2nd ed.). The new communications
technologies.
Boston: Focal Press.
D.V. Allen (personal communication, September 18, 1993)
Federal Communications Commission. (1958, July 11). FM broadcast
stations:
Notice f inquiry regarding specified non-broadcast activities on a multiplex
basis (Docket No. 12517; FCC 58-636). Washington, DC: Federal
Register.
Web Citations (click for more information):
Land, T. [a.k.a Beads] (1998, October 15). Web Extension to American
Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) (Rev. 1.6) [WWW
document]. URL http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/
Federal Communications Commission. (1998a, February 17). Advanced
Television Systems and Their Impact upon the Existing Television
Broadcast Service Order (MM Docket No. 87-268; FCC 98-23).
[WWW document]. URL
http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Mass_Media/Orders/1998/fcc98023.html
NOTE: Music is listed in a “discography” and is not included in bibliographies.
Citations are placed in a separate section called “discography.”
Self-titled album:
The Doors. (1967). The Doors. Elektra EKS-74007.
Album with title other than artist (Group):
The Doors. (1967). Strange Days. Elektra EKS-75014 .
Album with solo artist:
Rick James. (1984). Reflections. Motown/Gordy 6095GL
Album with multiple artists:
Otis Redding & The Jimi Hendrix Hendrix Experience. (1970).
Historic
Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival.
Warner Bros./Reprise MS 2029
Album with various artists:
Motown Grammy Rhythm & Blues Performances of the 1960’s.
(1984).
Motown 5329ML.
Liner Notes from a music album:
Liner notes are the text one would find in a music album -- yes, CDs are
still considered albums. In the first example, the artist personally
wrote
the liner notes. Typically, someone else other than the artist writes
liner
notes as exemplified in the second citation. Liner notes are similar
to a
foreword written for a book.
Morrison, J. (1978). An American Prayer [Liner Notes ]. Elektra 5E-502.
Johnson, B. (1978). Liner notes from Jim Morrison, An American
Prayer.
Elektra 5E-502.
Videos are listed in a “videography” and is not included in bibliographies.
TV Show:
The White Shadow. (1992). Globetrotters. MTM Home Video 7502.
Music Videotape:
Otis Redding. (1984). Otis Redding Live. Sony/Dave Clark International.
Movie (can also be part of a filmography):
Batman. (1989). Warner Home Video 12000.
Miscellaneous Video:
Sweet Talkin’ Guys: Rock ‘n’ Roll DJs of the ‘50s and ‘60s.
(1991).
Rhino RNVD 1990.
In the following excerpt from one of my publications, you will find
several examples of documenting research the APA way.
England (1984) asserts that women employed in predominantly male
occupations will have higher lifetime earnings than those women employed
in
predominantly female occupations. This may be one reason for women
to seek employment as on-air personalities. On the other hand, Blau
(1984)
and Blau and Ferber (1992) claim that gender segregation in employment
produces gender differences in earnings as employers hire “women workers
only at a wage discount that is sufficiently large to compensate them for
the
disutility of employing women” (Blau, 1984, p. 118).
Women constitute about 45 percent of the U.S. labor force (Taueber, 1991),
but women employed by approximately 11,000 radio stations account for just
29.4 percent of the industry’s total number of employees (Stone, 1992).
U.S.
Department of Labor statistics show 57,000 individuals are employed
as radio and television announcers and newscasters, but it is difficult
to get an
accurate count of how many women are actually employed specifically as
on-air
radio personalities. Although women have made more gains as radio
news directors
than as television news directors, women have had less success
in making it on-air in radio than on TV. Papper and Sharma (1995)
report:
“Clearly, women and minorities have made their greatest gains on the air
[in TV].
Overall, Caucasian men are now just barely a majority (51 percent) in television
news. More than half of all television news anchors (52 percent)
are now women . . . .” (p. 18). Despite the inroads, only about
a fourth of all TV
news stories are reported by females (Flander, 1995, p. 16).
Lont (1990) found the “overwhelming majority of non-music [radio]
programming adolescents are exposed to involves males (DJ chatter, Advertisements,
News, Weather and Sports)” (p. 667). Lont’s content analysis of radio
stations in
Washington, D.C. revealed that male voices dominate 96 percent of the air
time. It
is safe to speculate that women employed as on-air radio personalities
work in a
male-dominated environment.
Block quotes should be used sparingly, but are used when quotes contain
more
than 40 words. Here is an example:
The data presented in the current study establish that there are few role
models
to encourage other women to seek out this type of employment. Evidence
also
suggests that the gender-segregated world of radio provides a climate of
tolerance
for sexual harassment. Lisa Valentine, news director for Clarksville,
Tennessee’s
WJZM/WTWL explains:
Being a woman is an issue inside the station. I don’t think a man
is subject
to the same jokes. They’re supposed to be funny, but they’re not.
On
the air, it puts me in an awkward position. If I respond and make
that person
look bad, it’s unprofessional. If I make a joke out of it, it may
make me
look bad. Part of the problem is that the person making the comments
on
the air is also my boss. (Radio newswomen, 1995, p. 22)
Again, using one of my publications, this is an example of how a song
would be documented in text. After the text, you will see how the
song
would be cited in the discography. Note that, to publish the article,
I had
to gain permission to cite lyrics from the publishing company:
In “Hello Walls” (1961), Nelson wrote simply about the first night’s
loneliness when his first wife left him. He was used to having her
there with
him, but now had only an empty room to keep him company. According to
Nelson: “All my songs have been simply stated, right from the beginning.
How much cleaner can you get than ‘Hello Walls’?” (Nelson & Shrake,
1988, p. 59):
Hello walls,
How’d things go for you today?
Don’t you miss her, since she up and walked away?
And I’ll bet you dread to spend another lonely night with me.
But, lonely walls I’ll keep you company.
The “Reflection” subtheme for Nelson’s first relationship, or PHASE I,
can
be found frequently from 1963 to 1967. He was divorced in 1963, but
the
memories kept cropping up in his songs until several years into his second
marriage. Early “Reflection” is best exemplified in “It Should Be
Easier Now”
(1963). In the song, Nelson seems to be sending a message of thanks
to
his first wife for helping him learn that one can get over a relationship
and gain
knowledge from the hurt:
The lesson I learned from you gold can’t buy;
A heart can be broken and still survive.
Thanks to you now a much wiser man am I;
It should be easier now.
HELLO WALLS
By: Willie Nelson
Copyright c 1961 Tree Publishing Co., Inc. (Renewed) All rights administered
by Sony
Music Publishing, 8 Music Square West, Nashville, TN 37203
All Rights Reserved
Used by Permission
IT SHOULD BE EASIER NOW
By: Willie Nelson
Copyright c 1963 Tree Publishing Co., Inc. (Renewed) All rights administered
by Sony Music Publishing, 8 Music Square West, Nashville, TN 37203
All Rights Reserved
Used by Permission