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Dealing
with nervousness Stage
fright Positive
nervousness Visualization Expecting perfection Critical
thinking Speech
communication process Speaker Message Channel Listener Frame
of reference Feedback External
interference Internal
interference Ethnocentrism
- avoiding Cultural
diversity Multiculturalism Ethics Ethical
decisions Ethical
guidelines Name-calling Free
speech Plagiarism Global
plagiarism Patchwork
plagiarism Incremental
plagiarism Rules
for Paraphrasing/Quotes Plagiarism
& Internet Ethical
listening Choosing
a topic Brainstorming General
purpose Specific
purpose Central
Idea Audience-centeredness Identification Egocentrism Demographic
audience analysis Situational
audience analysis Stereotyping Attitude Information
about audience Adapting
to audience Library
research Abstract Reference
works Periodical
database Search
engines Virtual
libraries Government
resources Multicultural
resources Authorship
sponsorship Recency
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Evaluating
internet documents Research
interview Preliminary
bibliography Tips
for doing research Bibliography
formats APA MLA Examples Brief
examples Extended
examples Hypothetical;
examples Tips
for using examples Statistics Representative
statistics Correctly
used statistical measures Tips
for using statistics Expert
testimony Peer
testimony Direct
quotation Quoting
out of context Citing
sources orally Qualified sources Strategic
organization Main
points Number
of main points Chronological
order Spatial
order Causal
order Problem-solution
order Topical
order Tips
for preparing main points Connective Transitions Internal
previews Internal
summaries Signposts Introduction
objectives Rhetorical
question Credibility Goodwill Preview
statement Tips
for preparing introduction Conclusion
functions Crescendo
ending Dissolve
ending Ways to
reinforce the central idea Tips
for preparing conclusion Preparation
outline Guidelines
for preparation outline Visual
framework Sub-points Sub
sub-points
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Bibliography Speaking
outline Guidelines
for speaking outline Delivery
cues Nonverbal
communication Good
delivery Manuscript
speech Impromptu
speech Extemporaneous
speech Conversational
quality Volume Pitch Inflections Rate Pause Vocalized
pause Vocal
variety Pronunciation Articulation Speaker’s body language Kinesics Personal appearance Movement Gestures Eye contact How to practice Answering questions How to manage questions Advantages of using visual aids Objects Models Photographs Drawings Graphs Line, bar, pie graph Transparencies Video Multimedia presentations Fonts Rules for preparing visual aids Rules for presenting visual aids Four types of informative speeches Relate topic to audience Speeches that are technical Speeches that are abstract Description Personalize your idea Persuasion Ethics & persuasion Psychology of persuasion
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Three major types of persuasive speeches:
fact, value,
policy Speeches to gain passive agreement Speeches to gain immediate action Need Burden of proof Plan Practicality Problem-solution order Problem-cause-solution order Comparative advantages order Ethos Credibility Factors of credibility: competence/character Types of credibility Enhance your credibility Create common ground Evidence Tips for using evidence Pathos Using emotional language Vivid examples Ethics and emotional appeals Speech of introduction Speech of presentation Speeches of acceptance Commemorative speeches Dyad Small group Problem-solving group Leadership Implied leader Emergent leader Designated leader Procedural needs Task needs Maintenance needs Hidden agenda Interpersonal conflicts Encourage full participation Member responsibilities Reflective thinking model Question of policy Criteria Brainstorming Consensus Oral report Symposium Panel discussion
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